% BibTeX export of the ai-engineer-roadmap learning-science evidence base.
% Generated from learning-science.json by kg.build_bibtex. Do not edit by hand.
% 186 unique papers (de-duplicated by DOI, else title).

@article{mohamed2025application,
  title = {{Application of Anki Flashcards in Medical Education: A Narrative Review}},
  author = {Nawaf Salah Ayad Mohamed and Maria Abdulaziz Alrafi and Barbara Albani and Hassan Mohammed Abdu and Reem Albuhairan and Naziha Samir Altala and Sami Fatehi Abdalla},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1007/s40670-025-02487-5},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-025-02487-5},
}

@article{magro2024anki,
  title = {{Anki Flashcards: Spaced Repetition Learning in the Undergraduate Medical Pharmacology Curriculum}},
  author = {Juliana Magro and So-Young Oh and Nikola Košćica and Michael A. Poles},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1111/tct.13798},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13798},
}

@article{f2024usage,
  title = {{Usage of Spaced Repetition Flashcards to Improve Educational Outcomes in Microbiology}},
  author = {Ogunjobi F. and Alexander S. M. and Cramer L.},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.7759/cureus.70994},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.70994},
}

@article{gilbert2023cohort,
  title = {{A Cohort Study Assessing the Impact of Anki as a Spaced Repetition Tool on Academic Performance in Medical School}},
  author = {Michael M. Gilbert and Timothy C. Frommeyer and Garrett V. Brittain and Nickolas A. Stewart and Todd M. Turner and Adrienne Stolfi and Dean X. Parmelee},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1007/s40670-023-01826-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-023-01826-8},
}

@article{wothe2023academic,
  title = {{Academic and Wellness Outcomes Associated with Use of Anki Spaced Repetition Software in Medical School}},
  author = {Jillian K. Wothe and Lindsey J. Wanberg and Rae D. Hohle and Aliya A. Sakher and Laura E. Bosacker and Faizel Khan and Andrew Olson and David J. Satin},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1177/23821205231173289},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/23821205231173289},
}

@article{cooper2023effect,
  title = {{The Effect of Spaced Repetition Learning Through Anki on Medical Board Exam Performance}},
  author = {Spencer Cooper and Nicole Twardowski and Michael P. Vogel and Daniel Perling and Rebecca Ryznar},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.5195/ijms.2023.1549},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2023.1549},
}

@article{thompson2023effectiveness,
  title = {{The Effectiveness of Spaced Learning, Interleaving, and Retrieval Practice in Radiology Education: A Systematic Review}},
  author = {Cole P. Thompson and Marion A. Hughes},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jacr.2023.08.028},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2023.08.028},
}

@article{jape2022spaced,
  title = {{A Spaced-Repetition Approach to Enhance Medical Student Learning and Engagement in Medical Pharmacology}},
  author = {Dylan Jape and Jessie Zhou and Shane Bullock},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.1186/s12909-022-03324-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03324-8},
}

@article{harris2022analysis,
  title = {{An Analysis of Anki Usage and Strategy of First-Year Medical Students in a Structure and Function Course}},
  author = {David M. Harris and Michael F. Chiang},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.7759/cureus.23530},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23530},
}

@article{pumilia2020evidence,
  title = {{An Evidence-Based Guide for Medical Students: How to Optimize the Use of Expanded-Retrieval Platforms}},
  author = {Cyrus Anthony Pumilia and Spencer Lessans and David Harris},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.7759/cureus.10372},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10372},
}

@article{b2019enhancing,
  title = {{Enhancing human learning via spaced repetition optimization}},
  author = {Tabibian B. and Upadhyay U. and De A. and Zarezade A. and Schölkopf B. and Gomez-Rodriguez M.},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1815156116},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815156116},
}

@article{b2016trainable,
  title = {{A Trainable Spaced Repetition Model for Language Learning}},
  author = {Settles B. and Meeder B.},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/P16-1174},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P16-1174},
}

@article{taveiragomes2015characterization,
  title = {{Characterization of Medical Students' Recall of Factual Knowledge Using Learning Objects and Repeated Testing in a Novel E-Learning System}},
  author = {Tiago Taveira-Gomes and Rui Prado-Costa and Mílton Severo and Maria Amélia Ferreira},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.1186/s12909-014-0275-0},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-014-0275-0},
}

@article{deng2015student,
  title = {{Student-Directed Retrieval Practice Is a Predictor of Medical Licensing Examination Performance}},
  author = {Francis Deng and Jeffrey A. Gluckstein and Douglas P. Larsen — 2015 (cited in the build brief as 2016; OpenAlex records 2015)},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.1007/s40037-015-0220-x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-015-0220-x},
}

@article{d2008critical,
  title = {{The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning}},
  author = {Karpicke J. D. and Roediger H. L.},
  year = {2008},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1152408},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152408},
}

@article{carpenter2022science,
  title = {{The science of effective learning with spacing and retrieval practice}},
  author = {Shana K. Carpenter and Steven C. Pan and Andrew C. Butler},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.1038/s44159-022-00089-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-022-00089-1},
}

@article{agarwal2021retrieval,
  title = {{Retrieval Practice Consistently Benefits Student Learning: a Systematic Review of Applied Research in Schools and Classrooms}},
  author = {Pooja K. Agarwal and Ludmila Nunes and Janell R. Blunt},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1007/s10648-021-09595-9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09595-9},
}

@article{yang2021testing,
  title = {{Testing (quizzing) boosts classroom learning: A systematic and meta-analytic review}},
  author = {Chunliang Yang and Liang Luo and Miguel A. Vadillo and Rongjun Yu and David R. Shanks},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.1037/bul0000309},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000309},
}

@article{weinstein2018teaching,
  title = {{Teaching the science of learning}},
  author = {Yana Weinstein and Christopher R. Madan and Megan Sumeracki},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.1186/s41235-017-0087-y},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-017-0087-y},
}

@article{pan2018transfer,
  title = {{Transfer of test-enhanced learning: Meta-analytic review and synthesis}},
  author = {Steven C. Pan and Timothy C. Rickard},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.1037/bul0000151},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000151},
}

@article{pan2017does,
  title = {{Does retrieval practice enhance learning and transfer relative to restudy for term-definition facts?}},
  author = {Steven C. Pan and Timothy C. Rickard},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.1037/xap0000124},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000124},
}

@article{adesope2017rethinking,
  title = {{Rethinking the Use of Tests: A Meta-Analysis of Practice Testing}},
  author = {Olusola Adesope and Dominic A. Trevisan and NarayanKripa Sundararajan},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.3102/0034654316689306},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316689306},
}

@article{pasttter2014retrieval,
  title = {{Retrieval practice enhances new learning: the forward effect of testing}},
  author = {Bernhard Pastötter and Karl-Heinz T. Bäuml},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00286},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00286},
}

@article{rowland2014effect,
  title = {{The effect of testing versus restudy on retention: A meta-analytic review of the testing effect}},
  author = {Christopher A. Rowland},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.1037/a0037559},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037559},
}

@article{putnam2013does,
  title = {{Does response mode affect amount recalled or the magnitude of the testing effect?}},
  author = {Adam L. Putnam and Henry L. Roediger III},
  year = {2013},
  doi = {10.3758/s13421-012-0245-x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0245-x},
}

@article{dunlosky2013improving,
  title = {{Improving Students' Learning With Effective Learning Techniques}},
  author = {John Dunlosky and Katherine A. Rawson and Elizabeth J. Marsh and Mitchell J. Nathan and Daniel T. Willingham},
  year = {2013},
  doi = {10.1177/1529100612453266},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612453266},
}

@article{karpicke2011retrieval,
  title = {{Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping}},
  author = {Jeffrey D. Karpicke and Janell R. Blunt},
  year = {2011},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1199327},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199327},
}

@article{iii2011critical,
  title = {{The critical role of retrieval practice in long-term retention}},
  author = {Henry L. Roediger III and Andrew C. Butler},
  year = {2011},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.09.003},
}

@article{l2006test,
  title = {{Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention}},
  author = {Roediger H. L. and Karpicke J. D.},
  year = {2006},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x},
}

@article{murray2025meta,
  title = {{A Meta-analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Spacing and Retrieval Practice for Mathematics Learning}},
  author = {E. B. Murray and Aidan J. Horner and Silke Melanie Goebel},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1007/s10648-025-10035-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-025-10035-1},
}

@article{zou2025benefits,
  title = {{Benefits of spaced learning are predicted by the re-encoding of past experience in ventromedial prefrontal cortex}},
  author = {Futing Zou and Brice A. Kuhl and Sarah DuBrow and J. Benjamin Hutchinson},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115232},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115232},
}

@article{price2024effect,
  title = {{The Effect of Spaced Repetition on Learning and Knowledge Transfer in a Large Cohort of Practicing Physicians}},
  author = {David W. Price and Ting Wang and Thomas R. O'Neill and Zachary J. Morgan and Prasad Chodavarapu and Andrew Bazemore and Lars E. Peterson and Warren P. Newton},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1097/acm.0000000000005856},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000005856},
}

@article{versteeg2019conceptualising,
  title = {{Conceptualising spaced learning in health professions education: A scoping review}},
  author = {Marjolein Versteeg and Renée A. Hendriks and Aliki Thomas and Belinda W. C. Ommering and Paul Steendijk},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1111/medu.14025},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14025},
}

@article{zerr2018learning,
  title = {{Learning Efficiency: Identifying Individual Differences in Learning Rate and Retention in Healthy Adults}},
  author = {C. Zerr and Jeffrey J. Berg and Steven M. Nelson and Andrew K. Fishell and Neil K. Savalia and Kathleen B. McDermott},
  year = {2018},
  doi = {10.1177/0956797618772540},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618772540},
}

@article{dobson2016distributed,
  title = {{Distributed retrieval practice promotes superior recall of anatomy information}},
  author = {John L. Dobson and José Martí Pérez and Tracy Linderholm},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.1002/ase.1668},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.1668},
}

@article{smolen2016right,
  title = {{The right time to learn: mechanisms and optimization of spaced learning}},
  author = {Paul Smolen and Yili Zhang and John H. Byrne},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.1038/nrn.2015.18},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2015.18},
}

@article{carpenter2012spacing,
  title = {{Using Spacing to Enhance Diverse Forms of Learning: Review of Recent Research and Implications for Instruction}},
  author = {Shana K. Carpenter and Nicholas J. Cepeda and Doug Rohrer and Sean H. K. Kang and Harold Pashler},
  year = {2012},
  doi = {10.1007/s10648-012-9205-z},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-012-9205-z},
}

@article{n2009optimising,
  title = {{Optimising learning using flashcards: Spacing is more effective than cramming}},
  author = {Kornell N.},
  year = {2009},
  doi = {10.1002/acp.1537},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1537},
}

@article{j2008spacing,
  title = {{Spacing Effects in Learning: A Temporal Ridgeline of Optimal Retention}},
  author = {Cepeda N. J. and Vul E. and Rohrer D. and Wixted J. T. and Pashler H.},
  year = {2008},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02209.x},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02209.x},
}

@article{cepeda2006distributed,
  title = {{Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis}},
  author = {Nicholas J. Cepeda and Harold Pashler and Edward Vul and John T. Wixted and Doug Rohrer},
  year = {2006},
  doi = {10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354},
}

@article{j1999meta,
  title = {{A meta-analytic review of the distribution of practice effect: Now you see it, now you don't}},
  author = {Donovan J. J. and Radosevich D. J.},
  year = {1999},
  doi = {10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.795},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.5.795},
}

@article{wang2024facilitative,
  title = {{The facilitative effect of the keyword mnemonic on L2 vocabulary retrieval practice}},
  author = {Kejia Qu; Tianzhi Liu; Yihuan Qiao; Pengcheng Wang},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25212},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25212},
}

@article{lan2023smartphone,
  title = {{SmartPhone: Exploring Keyword Mnemonic with Auto-generated Verbal and Visual Cues}},
  author = {Jaewook Lee; Andrew Lan},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2305.10436},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2305.10436},
}

@article{hawkins2023effectiveness,
  title = {{The effectiveness of combining the keyword mnemonic with retrieval practice on L2 vocabulary learning in Taiwanese EFL classes}},
  author = {Chia-Hui Chiu; C. F. Hawkins},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.23971/jefl.v13i2.6313},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.23971/jefl.v13i2.6313},
}

@article{mcdaniel2019adding,
  title = {{Adding the keyword mnemonic to retrieval practice: A potent combination for foreign language vocabulary learning?}},
  author = {Toshiya Miyatsu; Mark A. McDaniel},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.3758/s13421-019-00936-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-019-00936-2},
}

@article{c2007comparing,
  title = {{Comparing and Combining Retrieval Practice and the Keyword Mnemonic for Foreign Vocabulary Learning}},
  author = {Fritz C. and Morris P. and Acton M. and Voelkel A. and Etkind R.},
  year = {2007},
  doi = {10.1002/acp.1287},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1287},
}

@article{m2007mnemonic,
  title = {{The Mnemonic Keyword Method: The Effects of Bidirectional Retrieval Training and of Ability to Image on Foreign Language Vocabulary Recall}},
  author = {Wyra M. and Lawson M. and Hungi N.},
  year = {2007},
  doi = {10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.02.008},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2007.02.008},
}

@article{thomas1995effects,
  title = {{Effects of keyword on long-term retention: Help or hindrance?}},
  author = {Alvin Y. Wang; Margaret H. Thomas},
  year = {1995},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-0663.87.3.468},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.87.3.468},
}

@article{ouellette1992keyword,
  title = {{Keyword mnemonic and retention of second-language vocabulary words}},
  author = {Alvin Y. Wang; Margaret H. Thomas; Judith A. Ouellette},
  year = {1992},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.520},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.4.520},
}

@article{pressley1984putting,
  title = {{Putting the keyword method in context}},
  author = {Mark A. McDaniel; Michael Pressley},
  year = {1984},
  doi = {10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.598},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.76.4.598},
}

@article{m1975mnemonic,
  title = {{A Mnemonic Method for Learning a Second-Language Vocabulary}},
  author = {Raugh M. and Atkinson R.},
  year = {1975},
  doi = {10.1037/h0078665},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078665},
}

@article{raugh1975application,
  title = {{An application of the mnemonic keyword method to the acquisition of a Russian vocabulary}},
  author = {Richard C. Atkinson; Michael R. Raugh},
  year = {1975},
  doi = {10.1037/0278-7393.1.2.126},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.1.2.126},
}

@article{r1975mnemotechnics,
  title = {{Mnemotechnics in Second-Language Learning}},
  author = {Atkinson R.},
  year = {1975},
  doi = {10.1037/h0077029},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077029},
}

@article{nicolas2025unraveling,
  title = {{Unraveling the neurophysiological correlates of phase-specific enhancement of motor memory consolidation via slow-wave closed-loop targeted memory reactivation}},
  author = {Judith Nicolas and Bradley R. King and David Lévesque and Latifa Lazzouni and Gaëlle Leroux and David Wang and Nir Grossman and Stephan P. Swinnen and Julien Doyon and Julie Carrier and Geneviève Albouy — 2025 (Nature Communications)},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-025-57602-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-57602-2},
}

@article{carbone2024update,
  title = {{An update on recent advances in targeted memory reactivation during sleep}},
  author = {Julia Carbone and Susanne Diekelmann — 2024 (npj Science of Learning 9)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1038/s41539-024-00244-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-024-00244-8},
}

@article{salvesen2024influencing,
  title = {{Influencing dreams through sensory stimulation: A systematic review}},
  author = {Leila Salvesen and Elena Capriglia and Martin Dresler and Giulio Bernardi — 2024 (Sleep Medicine Reviews 74:101908)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101908},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101908},
}

@article{denis2024targeted,
  title = {{Targeted memory reactivation during NREM sleep enhances neutral, but not negative, components of memory}},
  author = {Dan Denis and Jessica D. Payne — 2024 (eNeuro 11:5)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1523/eneuro.0285-23.2024},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0285-23.2024},
}

@article{recher2024targeted,
  title = {{Targeted memory reactivation during sleep improves emotional memory modulation following imagery rescripting}},
  author = {Dominique Recher and Judith Rohde and Giulia Da Poian and Mirka Henninger and Luzius Brogli and Reto Huber and Walter Karlen and Caroline Lustenberger and Birgit Kleim — 2024 (Translational Psychiatry 14:490)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.1038/s41398-024-03192-4},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-03192-4},
}

@article{abdellahi2023targeted,
  title = {{Targeted memory reactivation in human REM sleep elicits detectable reactivation}},
  author = {Mahmoud E. A. Abdellahi and Anne C. M. Koopman and Matthias S. Treder and Penelope A. Lewis — 2023 (eLife 12)},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.7554/eLife.84324},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.84324},
}

@article{barner2023effects,
  title = {{The effects of sleep and targeted memory reactivation on the consolidation of relevant and irrelevant information}},
  author = {Christine Barner and Ann-Sophie Werner and Sandra Schörk and Jan Born and Susanne Diekelmann — 2023 (Frontiers in Sleep)},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.3389/frsle.2023.1187170},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/frsle.2023.1187170},
}

@article{x2020promoting,
  title = {{Promoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation}},
  author = {Hu X. and Cheng L. Y. and Chiu M. H. and Paller K. A.},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.1037/bul0000223},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000223},
}

@article{b2013about,
  title = {{About Sleep's Role in Memory}},
  author = {Rasch B. and Born J.},
  year = {2013},
  doi = {10.1152/physrev.00032.2012},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00032.2012},
}

@article{s2010memory,
  title = {{The memory function of sleep}},
  author = {Diekelmann S. and Born J.},
  year = {2010},
  doi = {10.1038/nrn2762},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2762},
}

@article{d2009strengthening,
  title = {{Strengthening Individual Memories by Reactivating Them During Sleep}},
  author = {Rudoy J. D. and Voss J. L. and Westerberg C. E. and Paller K. A.},
  year = {2009},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1179013},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1179013},
}

@article{o2023impact,
  title = {{The impact of speech type on listening effort and intelligibility for native and non-native listeners}},
  author = {Simantiraki O. and Wagner A. E. and Cooke M.},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.3389/fnins.2023.1235911},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2023.1235911},
}

@article{a2022audiobooks,
  title = {{Audiobooks, Print, and Comprehension: What We Know and What We Need to Know}},
  author = {Singh A. and Alexander P. A.},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.1007/s10648-021-09653-2},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09653-2},
}

@article{v2022listening,
  title = {{Listening Ears or Reading Eyes: A Meta-Analysis of Reading and Listening Comprehension Comparisons}},
  author = {Clinton-Lisell V.},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.3102/00346543211060871},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211060871},
}

@article{v2019reading,
  title = {{Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta-analysis}},
  author = {Clinton V.},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.1111/1467-9817.12269},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9817.12269},
}

@article{m2017reading,
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